EE361-Electromechanical Energy Conversion

class: center, middle

# EE-361
# 3-PHASE SYSTEMS

## Ozan Keysan

[keysan.me](http://keysan.me)

Office: C-113 <span class="meta">•</span> Tel: 210 7586

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## Electric Plugs & Sockets

### [Why some countries use different voltage, frequency?](https://www.quora.com/Why-does-India-use-230-V-50HZ-while-the-USA-uses-120V-60HZ)
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## Electric Plugs & Sockets
<img src="https://www.szapphone.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/World-of-Power-Plug-Standards.webp" alt="Drawing" style="width: 800px;"/>

[Different plugs around the world](https://www.iec.ch/world-plugs),  [but WHY?](https://www.quora.com/Why-does-India-use-230-V-50HZ-while-the-USA-uses-120V-60HZ)
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## Electric Plugs & Sockets
<img src="https://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/standards.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 800px;"/>

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# Introduction to Three Phase
## Industrial Electric Plugs

<img src="https://rukminim1.flixcart.com/image/832/832/k3t21zk0/wire-joint-connector/b/x/r/2-industrial-plug-and-socket-32-a-x-5-pin-415v-weatherproof-ip44-original-imafmuxqgpym6hzx.jpeg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 450px;"/>
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# Introduction to Three Phase
## Industrial Electric Plugs

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## Industrial Electric Plugs

### [IEC 60309 industrial standard](https://www.plugsocketmuseum.nl/IEC60309_2.html)
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# Expired 3-Phase Color Code (Before 2011)

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# New 3-Phase Color Code (Since 2011)

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# Electric Vehicle Chargers

### [What are all these pins for?](http://tesla.o.auroraobjects.eu/Design_Guide_Combined_Charging_System_V3_1_1.pdf)
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# CCS: Combined Charging System

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# Introduction to Three Phase
## Offshore Power Plugs
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<img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--lCQmivgV--/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_636/yvnjg8sxmbvgya1luf6n.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width:800px;"/>

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# Introduction to Three Phase
## Offshore Power Plugs

<img src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--Mb48YYZM--/c_fit,fl_progressive,q_80,w_636/vs2m6ydklatpy6u0ngje.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width:700px;"/>
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# Introduction to Three Phase
## Transmission Lines

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# Introduction to Three Phase
## Transmission Lines

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# WHY 3 PHASE? (but not 2 or 5?)
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# WHY 3 PHASE? (but not 2 or 5?)
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# WHY 3-PHASE?
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- ## More power per unit wire length.

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- ## Constant Power
[Power Graphs](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1RP-MsrHwybAG6J3CFTbdLOCTvGdIdkaWUkhRuAHPWd0/edit?usp=sharing)

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- ## Rotating MMF
### [3-phase](http://people.ece.umn.edu/users/riaz/animations/sinwaves0.gif), [phasor](http://people.ece.umn.edu/users/riaz/animations/vecmovieslow.gif)(wait until EE362 for details)

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# Voltages & Currents

## \\(Va = V_{max} \mathrm{sin} (\omega t)\\)
## \\(Vb = V_{max} \mathrm{sin} (\omega t - 2 \pi /3)\\)
## \\(Vc = V_{max} \mathrm{sin} (\omega t - 4 \pi /3)\\)

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# Voltages & Currents
![](3phase_phasors.png)

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# 3 Phase Phasors

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# How to measure voltage & currents?

<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/3-phase_flow.gif" alt="Drawing" style="width: 800px;"/>
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# How to measure voltage & currents?

<img src="3phase_voltages.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 800px;"/>
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# How to measure voltage & currents?

## \\(\vec{V\_{ab}}=\vec{V\_{an}} + \vec{V\_{nb}} = \vec{V\_{an}} - \vec{V\_{bn}}  \\)

## If \\(\vec{V\_{an}} = V \angle 0^∘ \\)

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## \\(\vec{V\_{ab}}= \sqrt 3 V \angle 30^∘\\)

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# What is the Grid Voltage Level?

## Used to be 220 V
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(line-to-neutral RMS)

## Peak (line-to-neutral) \\(= 220 \sqrt{2} = 311 \\) V

## RMS (line-to-line) \\(= 220 \sqrt{3} \approx 380 \\) V 
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# What is the Grid Voltage Level?

# NOW  [the standard is 230 V](http://www.schneider-electric.co.uk/en/faqs/FA144717/) 
## ± 10% (line-to-neutral RMS)

### Due to connection of UK to [European System](https://www.entsoe.eu/data/map/)

## Peak (line-to-neutral) \\(= 230 \sqrt{2} = 325 \\) V

## RMS (line-to-line) \\(= 230 \sqrt{3} \approx 400 \\) V

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# Star/Wye (Y) & Delta (\\(\Delta\\)) Connections 
<img src="https://www.electricalvolt.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/image-67.png?ezimgfmt=ng:webp/ngcb1" alt="Drawing" style="width: 800px;"/>

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# Wye(or Star) Connection (Y)
<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/3_Phase_Power_Connected_to_Wye_Load.svg/2000px-3_Phase_Power_Connected_to_Wye_Load.svg.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 500px;"/>

### \\( |V\_{line-to-line}| = \sqrt{3} \; |V\_{phase}|\\)
### \\( |I\_{line}| = |I\_{phase}|\\)

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# Delta Connection (\\(\Delta\\))

### \\( |V\_{line-to-line}| = |V\_{phase}|\\)
### \\( |I\_{line}| = \sqrt{3} \; |I\_{phase}|\\)

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#Power Relations
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## Regardless of the connection type

## \\( S= 3V\_{phase}I\_{phase}\\)
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## or

## \\( S= \sqrt{3}V\_{line-to-line}I\_{line}\\)

#### [Review of three phase AC circuits](http://www.egr.unlv.edu/~eebag/EE%20340%20-%20Review%203-Phase%20Ckts.pdf)

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# Impedance Transformation

![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wye-delta-2.svg/750px-Wye-delta-2.svg.png)

## \\(Z_{\Delta} = 3 Z\_Y \\)
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# Examples

- ### [AC Power Solved Problem](./files/ee361-ac-solved1.pdf)
- ### [AC Power Solved Problem 2](./files/ee361-ac-solved2.pdf)
- ### [3 Phase Power Solved Problem](./files/ee361-3phase-solved.pdf)

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## You can download this presentation from: [keysan.me/ee361](http://keysan.me/ee361)