class: center, middle # EE-361 ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION ## Ozan Keysan [http://keysan.me](http://ozan.keysan.me) Office: C-113
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Tel: 210 7586 --- # About the Course ## Section-2 ### - Tuesday: 9:40-11:30 EA-206 ### - Thursday: 9:40-10:30 EA-206 ## Office Hours: By appointment (just send an email) ## Please check my [weekly schedule](http://keysan.me/schedule/) --- # About the Course ## Announcements, Assignments: [ODTUClass](http://odtuclass.metu.edu.tr) ## Presentations: [keysan.me/ee361](http://keysan.me/ee361) --- # Grading: ## - Midterm-I: 15% ## - Midterm-II: 20% ## - Final: 30% ## - Laboratory: 20% ## - Homeworks: 10% ## - Attendance: 5% (or in class quizzes) --- # Course Coordinator # Dr. Emine Bostancı Özkan ## Office: C-107 ## Email: emineb@metu.edu.tr ## Tel: (0312) 210 23 63 --- # Coordinator Assistant # Yusuf Basri Yılmaz ## Office: C-106 ## Email: ybyilmaz@metu.edu.tr --- # Textbooks: ### - Electric Machinery, Fitzgerald, Kingsley and Umans, McGraw-Hill, 7th ed. 2013. ### -[Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics](https://nemasumit.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/246613252-principles-of-electric-machines-and-power-electronics.pdf), P.C. Sen ## Supplementary: ### - [Electric Machinery & Transformers](http://library.metu.edu.tr/search~S4?/aguru/aguru/1,20,35,B/l856~b1417325&FF=aguru+bhag+s&4,,4,1,0/indexsort=-), Guru and Hızıroğlu, Saunders College Publishing, 3rd ed. 2001. --- # Course Outline: --
Weeks:
Subject
1
Introduction
2-3
AC Electric Circuits
4-6
Magnetic Circuits
7-8
Transformers
9-12
Electromechanical Energy Conversion
13-14
Introduction to Power Electronics
--- # Scope of EE361 (and 362) ## Electromechanical Energy Conversion(EMEC): * ### Electrical Energy to Mechanical Energy (i.e. **Motors**) * ### Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy (i.e. **Generators**) * ### + **Transformers** (Not a EMEC device) * ### Introduction to **Power Electronics** (Static Energy Conversion) --- # Electric Motors -- ### How many electric motors are there in the classroom? -- ### Each one of you carry at least one of these: --
--- # Electric Machines ### But they can also be big:
Siemens Ship Propulsion Motors (Induction Motor) --- ## Very Big
Enercon 7.5 MW, Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Generator (Synchronous Motor) --- ## Very Very Big: [700 MW Synchronous Generator](https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/generating-units) --
### Itaipu Dam, Brasil: 16 m diameter, 91 rpm, Rotor Mass: 2650 t --- # Electric System of Turkey -- ## Capacity: 103 GW (14th in the World) -- ## Max. Consumption: 50 GW (~25 million kettles) -- ## Annual Energy Generation: 307 TWh ### (30% domestic, 70% industrial) -- ## Per Capita Consumption: 3800 kWh/year --- ### Per Capita Consumption: 3800 kWh/year
Comparison of a few countries, and their stories
--- # Difference between Power and Energy? -- ## The unit of Energy is Joules (= Watt.Seconds). ## $$w=\int P(t) dt = \int V(t) I(t) dt$$ ## Common unit for electrical energy: ## kilo-watt hours (**kWh**). --- # Cost of Energy --
## How much does it cost to run a kettle for 1 min? -- ### Example: My Electricity bills: [2021](./images/ee361/fatura_2021.jpg), [2022](./images/ee361/fatura_2022.png), [2023](./images/ee361/fatura_2023.jpeg) --- # Electricity vs Human Force
A healthy human can produce about 1.2 hp briefly and sustain about 0.1 hp (74.5W) indefinitely; trained athletes can sustain 0.35 hp (260 W). The Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt produced a maximum of 3.5 hp (2.6 kW) 0.89 seconds into his 9.58 second 100-meter dash world record in 2009. --- # How much energy in a lunch? --
-- ## It is approximately equal to 850 kCal -- ## ≈ 3.600.000 Joules = 1 kWh --- # Both of them stores 1 kWh of energy
--- # Electricity vs Human Force ### Energy used in a kettle for 1 min = How many kilograms of weight? --
--- # Sources of Energy (Turkey, for 2021) -- ## Hydro: 17%
[Deriner Barajı](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=anlwwE722C0), [Mega Structures](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9up2TBlY6AM) --- # Sources of Energy (Turkey) ## Coal: 31%
--- # Sources of Energy (Turkey) ## Natural Gas: 33%
--- # Sources of Energy (Turkey) ## Wind: 9.4% ### Realtime [wind energy](http://www.ritm.gov.tr/guc/ritm_tr.html)
--- # Sources of Energy (Turkey) ## Solar: 4.5%
#### Konya Karapınar, 1000 MW --- # Sources of Energy (Turkey) ## Solar: 4.5%
### Solar Energy Potential of Turkey ---
### Solar Energy Potential of Europe --- # Sources of Energy (Turkey) ## [Real Time Production](https://seffaflik.epias.com.tr/transparency/uretim/gerceklesen-uretim/gercek-zamanli-uretim.xhtml) ## [Whole-Sale Energy Price](https://seffaflik.epias.com.tr/transparency/piyasalar/gop/ptf.xhtml) --- # How to Transmit Electricity?
Reading: [How New York City Gets Its Electricity](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/10/nyregion/how-new-york-city-gets-its-electricity-power-grid.html) --- # How to Transmit Electricity? ## Simple Electric System
---
[Detailed Map](http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/national_energy_grid/turkey/graphics/teias_map.gif) --- # Power Transformers
#### A three-phase 250 MVA, 330 kV kV power transformer, 24 tonnes, made by [Astor in Ankara](https://ne-np.facebook.com/astorglobal/videos/250-mva-litvanya-trafomuz-yola-%C3%A7%C4%B1km%C4%B1%C5%9Ft%C4%B1r-astor-heryerdewwwastorascomtrastor-ener/1017708548681901/), installed in Lithuania. --- ## Why do we need transformers? --
### New York in 1877 ---
-- ## [War of Currents](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Currents) ## [AC/DC Music Band](https://youtu.be/44XYEeD1A1U?t=111) ---
--- # Direct-Current Grid -- ## - Transformers don't work with DC -- ## - The magnitude of voltage could not be increased or reduced (without power electronic circuits, which they don't have at that time). -- ## - Low-voltage transmission is inefficient -- ####For curious students: #### - [Edison's Revenge: Will Direct Current Make a Comeback?](http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/edisons-revenge-will-direct-current-make-a-comeback-in-us/) #### - [60 years of HVDC](https://library.e.abb.com/public/aff841e25d8986b5c1257d380045703f/140818%20ABB%20SR%2060%20years%20of%20HVDC_72dpi.pdf) --- # Alternating-Current Grid -- ## - Transformers can be used to step-up voltage -- ## - Thinner/Cheaper transmission cables -- ## - Energy can be transferred to long distances -- ## - More Efficient (Including the extra power loss of the transformer) ---
[Detailed Map](http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/national_energy_grid/turkey/graphics/teias_map.gif) --- ## Today's Electric Grid --
--- ## Tomorrow's Electric Grid --
--- # Any Questions? ## You can access this presentation from: [keysan.me/ee361](http://keysan.me/ee361)