EE361-Electromechanical Energy Conversion

class: center, middle

# EE-361 ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION

## Ozan Keysan

[http://keysan.me](http://ozan.keysan.me)

Office: C-113 <span class="meta">•</span> Tel: 210 7586

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# About the Course

## Section-1

### - Tuesday: 9:40-11:30 EA-206 
### - Thursday: 9:40-10:30 EA-206

## Office Hours: By appointment (just send an email)
## Please check my [weekly schedule](http://keysan.me/schedule/)

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# About the Course

## Announcements, Assignments: [ODTUClass](http://odtuclass.metu.edu.tr)
## Presentations: [keysan.me/ee361](http://keysan.me/ee361)

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# Grading:

## - Midterm-I: 15%
## - Midterm-II: 15%
## - Final: 30%
## - Laboratory: 20% 
## - Homeworks: 15%
## - Attendance: 5% (or in class quizzes)

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# Course Coordinator

# Dr. Ozan Keysan

## Office: C-113
## Email: keysan@metu.edu.tr
## Tel: (0312) 210 75 86

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# Coordinator Assistant

# Yusuf Basri Yılmaz

## Office: C-106
## Email: ybyilmaz@metu.edu.tr

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# Textbooks:

### -[Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics](http://dl.poweren.ir/downloads/PowerEn/Book/2018/Jun/Principles%20of%20Electric%20Machines%20and%20Power%20Electronics%20%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%20%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%20%28PowerEn.ir%29.pdf), P.C. Sen

### - Electric Machinery, Fitzgerald, Kingsley and Umans, McGraw-Hill, 7th ed. 2013.

## Supplementary:
### - [Electric Machinery & Transformers](https://electricalconnects.com/free/23-ElectricMachineryandTransformers3rdEdition-1-min.pdf.pdf), Guru and Hızıroğlu, Saunders College Publishing, 3rd ed. 2001.

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# Course Outline:
--

<h1>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td> Weeks: </td>
    <td>Subject</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1</td>
    <td>Introduction</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>2-3</td>
    <td>AC Electric Circuits</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>

<td>4-6</td>
    <td>Magnetic Circuits</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>7-8</td>
    <td>Transformers</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>9-12</td>
    <td>Electromechanical Energy Conversion</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>13-14</td>
    <td>Introduction to Power Electronics</td>
  </tr>

</table>
</h1>

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# Scope of EE361 (and 362)

## Electromechanical Energy Conversion(EMEC):

* ### Electrical Energy to Mechanical Energy (i.e. **Motors**)
* ### Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy (i.e. **Generators**)
* ### + **Transformers** (Not a EMEC device)
* ### Introduction to **Power Electronics** (Static Energy Conversion)

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# Electric Motors
--

### How many electric motors are there in the classroom?

--
### Each one of you carry at least one of these:
--
<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Vibramotor.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 350px;"/>

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# Electric Machines

### But they can also be big:

Siemens Ship Propulsion Motors (Induction Motor)
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## Very Big

Enercon 7.5 MW, Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Generator (Synchronous Motor)

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## Very Very Big: [700 MW Synchronous Generator](https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/generating-units)
--

### Itaipu Dam, Brasil: 16 m diameter, 91 rpm, Rotor Mass: 2650 t

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# Electric System of Turkey
--

## Capacity: 114 GW  (14th in the World)
--

## Max. Consumption: 55 GW (~27 million kettles)
--

## Annual Energy Generation: 326 TWh
### (30% domestic, 70% industrial)

## Per Capita Consumption: 3800 kWh/year

---
### Per Capita Consumption: 3800 kWh/year

<a href="http://databank.worldbank.org/data/embed/Elektrik-Tuketim/id/608e39e5?ti=y&ds=n&dd=n&tb=y&sh=n&dw=n&pr=n&inf=n&zm=y&md=y&navigator=n&theme=darkGrey&bdrClr=rgb(68,68,68)&bdrStyle=solid&bdrWidth=1px&title=Arial;14px;true;false;rgb(68,68,68);justify&exptypes=Excel,CSV,TabbedTxt">Comparison of a few countries, and their stories</a>

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# Difference between Power and Energy?
--

## The unit of Energy is Joules (= Watt.Seconds).

## $$w=\int P(t) dt = \int V(t) I(t) dt$$

## Common unit for electrical energy: 
## kilo-watt hours (**kWh**).
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# Cost of Energy
--

## How much does it cost to run a kettle for 1 min?
--

### Example: My Electricity bills: [2021](./images/ee361/fatura_2021.jpg), [2022](./images/ee361/fatura_2022.png), [2023](./images/ee361/fatura_2023.jpeg), [2024](./images/ee361/fatura_2024.png)

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# Electricity vs Human Force

A healthy human can produce about 1.2 hp briefly and sustain about 0.1 hp (74.5W) indefinitely; trained athletes can sustain 0.35 hp (260 W). The Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt produced a maximum of 3.5 hp (2.6 kW) 0.89 seconds into his 9.58 second 100-meter dash world record in 2009.
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# How much energy in a lunch?
--

<img src="./images/ee361/lunch.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 800px;"/>
--

## It is approximately equal to 850 kCal
--

## ≈ 3.600.000 Joules = 1 kWh
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# Both of them stores 1 kWh of energy

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# Electricity vs Human Force

### Energy used in a kettle for 1 min = How many kilograms of weight?
--

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## Sources of Energy (Turkey, for 2023)
--

## Hydro: 20%
<img src="https://www.enerjiatlasi.com/i/haber/deriner-baraji.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>

[Deriner Barajı](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=anlwwE722C0), [Mega Structures](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9up2TBlY6AM)

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## Sources of Energy (Turkey)

## Coal: 36%
<img src="https://image.cnnturk.com/i/cnnturk/75/740x416/610b70dab57f150f4076a315.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 650px;"/>
--

### [Kemerköy Termik Santrali](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g03TzI3faCM)

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## Sources of Energy (Turkey)

## Natural Gas: 22%
<img src="https://clean-coalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/GasPlant1-960x733.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 500px;"/>
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## Sources of Energy (Turkey)

## Wind: 10%

### Realtime [wind energy](http://www.ritm.gov.tr/guc/ritm_tr.html)

<img src="https://bilgin.com.tr/files/tr/projeler/ruzgar-enerji-santrali/aliaga-ruzgar-enerji-santrali-3/ALIAGA1.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 650px;"/>
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## Sources of Energy (Turkey)

## Solar: 6%

#### [Konya Karapınar Kalyon Güneş Santrali](https://kalyonholding.com/enerji/ges/karapinar-ges.html), 1350 MW

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## Sources of Energy (Turkey)

## Solar: 6%

### Solar Energy Potential of Turkey

---

### Solar Energy Potential of Europe

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# Sources of Energy (Turkey)

## [Real Time Production](https://seffaflik.epias.com.tr/transparency/uretim/gerceklesen-uretim/gercek-zamanli-uretim.xhtml)

## [Whole-Sale Energy Price](https://seffaflik.epias.com.tr/transparency/piyasalar/gop/ptf.xhtml)
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# How to Transmit Electricity?

Reading: [How New York City Gets Its Electricity](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/10/nyregion/how-new-york-city-gets-its-electricity-power-grid.html)

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# How to Transmit Electricity?

## Simple Electric System

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<img src="./images/ee361/turkiye_elektrik_iletim.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>

[Detailed Map](./images/ee361/teias_map.gif)

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# Power Transformers

#### A three-phase 250 MVA, 330 kV kV power transformer, 24 tonnes, made by [Astor in Ankara](https://ne-np.facebook.com/astorglobal/videos/250-mva-litvanya-trafomuz-yola-%C3%A7%C4%B1km%C4%B1%C5%9Ft%C4%B1r-astor-heryerdewwwastorascomtrastor-ener/1017708548681901/), installed in Lithuania.

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## Why do we need transformers?
--

### New York in 1877

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<img src="https://www.thetechoutlook.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Elon-Musk-tweets-about-it-would-be-better-if-Nikola-tesla-and-Thomas-Edison-were-together.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 700px;"/>
--

## [War of Currents](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Currents)
## [AC/DC Music Band](https://youtu.be/44XYEeD1A1U?t=111)

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# Direct-Current Grid
--

## - Transformers don't work with DC
--

## - The magnitude of voltage could not be increased or reduced (without power electronic circuits, which they don't have at that time).
--

## - Low-voltage transmission is inefficient
--

####For curious students:

#### - [Edison's Revenge: Will Direct Current Make a Comeback?](http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/edisons-revenge-will-direct-current-make-a-comeback-in-us/)
#### - [60 years of HVDC](https://library.e.abb.com/public/aff841e25d8986b5c1257d380045703f/140818%20ABB%20SR%2060%20years%20of%20HVDC_72dpi.pdf)
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# Alternating-Current Grid
--

## - Transformers can be used to step-up voltage
--

## - Thinner/Cheaper transmission cables
--

## - Energy can be transferred to long distances
--

## - More Efficient (Including the extra power loss of the transformer)

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[Detailed Map](./images/ee361/teias_map.gif)

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# Centralized Grid Control

### [TEIAS Grid Control Room-1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_faEdPMh68), [TEIAS Grid Control Room-2](https://www.youtube.com/shorts/syai8sGKceg), [National Grid UK](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UTM2Ck6XWHg)

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## Today's Electric Grid
--

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## Tomorrow's Electric Grid
--

[Blockchain in Decentralizing Smart Grids](https://eepower.com/tech-insights/blockchain-could-make-smart-grids-even-smarter/#)
 
 [ How AI is transforming the Smart Grid ](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-ai-transforming-smart-grid-daveed-sidhu-37xdc/)
 
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# Any questions up to here?

# A Statistical Review of EE361

![](../files/ee361_final_grades_histogram.png)

# A Statistical Review of EE361

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# Attend at least 75% of the classes

# Sec-3 Attendance

# Start studying from the early weeks

## Note: Correlation does not imply causation

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# Any Questions?

## You can access this presentation from: [keysan.me/ee361](http://keysan.me/ee361)