EE361-Electromechanical Energy Conversion

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# EE-361 ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION

## Ozan Keysan

[ozan.keysan.me](http://ozan.keysan.me)

Office: C-113 <span class="meta">•</span> Tel: 210 7586

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# Review: What is an Inductor?

### [Self Inductance](https://www.miniphysics.com/uy1-self-inductance-inductors.html), [Mutual Inductance](https://www.miniphysics.com/uy1-mutual-inductance.html)

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# Inductance

## Inductance is the flux linkage created per ampere

## \\( L =  N \dfrac{d \Phi}{dI}= \dfrac{d \lambda}{d I}\\)

## \\( L =  \dfrac{N^2}{R}\\)

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# Magnetic Energy
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## What happens when I bring two magnets together?

![](http://cf.ltkcdn.net/feng-shui/images/std/102288-350x245-Two_magnets.jpg)

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# Magnetic Energy

## What is the energy stored in an inductor?
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## \\(W = \dfrac{1}{2} L i^2 \\)

## But why? And what if L is variable?
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## Sorry for the long derivation...

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# Magnetic Energy
## \\(dw = \mathcal{F}(t) d \Phi(t) \\)

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## \\(W = \int_{\Phi_1}^{\Phi_2} \mathcal{F} d \Phi \\)

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## Magnetic Energy Density
## \\(W = \int_{B_1}^{B_2} H d B \\)

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# Total Energy Stored (Linear Systems)

## Initial B=0

## \\(W = \dfrac{1}{2}R \Phi^2 =\dfrac{1}{2}\dfrac{\mathcal{F}^2}{R}\\)
or
## \\(W = \dfrac{1}{2}\dfrac{Volume}{\mu} B^2 \\)
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# Hysteresis Loss

[Real Data-sheet of electrical steel](http://cogent-power.com/products/non-oriented-electrical-steel/magnetic-qualities)

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# Example

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# Magnetic Materials
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# Electrical Steel Laminations

- ## Used for Low Frequency (50-500 Hz)
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- ## Easy to [manufacture](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qmg_W_pcYhY) & [Cheap](https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/electrical-silicon-steel-laminates_1891355946.html)
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# (Soft) Ferrite Cores

<img src="http://www.infantron.net/images/soft_ferrite_02.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 700px;"/>
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- ### Sintered Iron Oxide + Manganese/Zinc
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# (Soft) Ferrite Cores

- ### Sintered Iron Oxide + Manganese/Zinc
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- ### Low Saturation Point (0.4-0.5 T)
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- ### Brittle
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- ### High Permeability (\\(\mu_r\\): 1500-3000)

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# (Soft) Ferrite Cores

## Used as [Chokes](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LuMlM8zWQFk) and Filters
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<img src="https://hottconsultants.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/ch05fg322.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 500px;"/>
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#Quick Question
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## Is it easier to store energy with high or low permeable material for the same flux density?
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## \\(W = \dfrac{1}{2}\dfrac{Volume}{\mu} B^2 \\)

## Sometimes, air-gaps are added deliberately to increase energy storing capacity of a core.

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## E-core without gap
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## E-core with gap
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##Gapped Toroids

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# A Better Solution?
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## Distributed Gap Cores

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# Distributed Gap Cores
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- ## Low Permeability (\\(\mu_r\\): 20-200)
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- ## Has different types:
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- ## KOOL Mu Powder
- ## MPP
- ## Iron Powder

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## KOOL Mu Powder Core

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## KOOL Mu Powder Core

### Lower Core Loss wrt Steel

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# Distributed Gap Cores

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# Distributed Gap vs. Gapped Ferrite
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### [Comparison](https://www.mag-inc.com/Products/Powder-Cores/Learn-More-about-Powder-Cores/Gapped-Ferrite-Comparison)

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## Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Laminations

- ## Very High Permeability (\\(\mu_r\\): up to 10.000)
- ## High Efficiency transformers (for medium frequency)
- ## Expensive

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# Comparison of Materials

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# Comparison of Materials

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# More Reading Materials

- ### [Soft Magnetic Core Application Notes](http://www.allegromicro.com/~/media/Files/Technical-Documents/Arnold/Soft-Magnetics-Applications-Guide.ashx?la=en)

- ### [TI Magnetic Core Characteristics](http://www.ti.com/lit/ml/slup124/slup124.pdf)

- ### [Practical and Potential Applications of Soft Magnetic Powder Cores](http://global-sei.com/technology/tr/bn82/pdf/82-02.pdf)

- ### [Choice of the Magnetic Core](http://www.sirio-ic.com/index.php/en/i-magneticore-en.html)

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## You can download this presentation from: [keysan.me/ee361](http://keysan.me/ee361)