EE463-Static Power Conversion-I

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# EE-463 STATIC POWER CONVERSION-I

# Power Semiconductor Devices

## Ozan Keysan

## [keysan.me](http://keysan.me)

### Office: C-113 <span class="meta">•</span> Tel: 210 7586

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# Diode

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# Power Diode (>50 A)

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# Ideal Diode

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# Ideal Diode

## V-I Characteristics
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# Practical Diode

## Important Parameters
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- ## Forward Voltage
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- ## Reverse Break-down Voltage
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- ## On-resistance
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- ## Turn-on, turn-off times (forward, reverse-recovery)

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# Practical Diode: V-I Characteristics

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# A few Data-sheets

- ### [STTH6012, 1200V, 60A Diode](https://www.st.com/en/diodes-and-rectifiers/stth6012.html)

- ### [FERD20S100S, 100V, 20 A Diode](https://www.st.com/content/st_com/en/products/diodes-and-rectifiers/field-effect-rectifiers/ferd20s100s.html)
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## Reverse Biased Diode
<img src="./images/ee463/diode_reverse_biased.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>

### [More info](http://ecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5797/course_material/Ch4slides.pdf)
#### Eriksson, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, Ch4

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## Forward Biased Diode
<img src="./images/ee463/diode_forward_biased.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>

### [More info](http://ecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5797/course_material/Ch4slides.pdf)
#### Eriksson, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, Ch4

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# Diode Switching Waveforms

## Turn-on transient

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# Diode Switching Waveforms

## Turn-off transient

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# Diode Switching Waveforms

## Turn-off transient

### Reverse current is required to remove carrier charges

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# Reverse Recovery

### Diode conducts a reverse current during turn-off

### \\(t\_{rr}\\): Reverse recovery time, \\(I\_{rr}\\): Reverse recovery current

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# Reverse Recovery

### [Softness Factor](https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/a-review-on-power-semiconductor-devices/)

### [Reverse recovery](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/13912/what-is-the-reverse-recovery-time-in-a-diode)

### [Fast diode vs Slow Diode](https://www.circuitlab.com/circuit/jyymtc/diode-reverse-recovery-time-demo/)

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# Types of Power Diodes
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- ## Standard Recovery
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- ## Fast (ultra-fast) Recovery
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- ## [Schottky Diode](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtH8lAzQf2A)

- ### Majority carrier (due to metal layer)
    - ### No recovered charge, \\(t\_{rr}=0\\)
    - ### Limited to low voltage (<100V)

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# Types of Power Diodes
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<img src="./images/ee463/diode_types.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 800px;"/>
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### What is the relation between \\(V\_{max}\\) and \\(V\_{F}\\)?

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# Losses
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# Conduction Losses
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- ## Increases with current
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# Switching Losses
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- ## Increases with turn-on, turn-off-time
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- ## Increases with switching frequency

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# Switching Losses

## Linearized

<img src="./images/ee463/diode_switching_loss.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 500px;"/>
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# Losses

## Extra Reading Material

- ### [Fast, Faster, Fastest](http://www.ixys.com/Documents/AppNotes/IXAN0060.pdf)
- ### [Power Losses, Thermal Considerations](http://www.irf.com/electronics/power-losses)
- ### [Calculation of conduction losses in a power rectifier](http://www.st.com/content/ccc/resource/technical/document/application_note/d6/8b/bb/1b/a8/b4/4d/c6/CD00003894.pdf/files/CD00003894.pdf/jcr:content/translations/en.CD00003894.pdf)

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# Thyristor
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## A diode with a gate terminal!
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# Thyristor

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## Four layer PNPN semiconductor (and two-transistor equivalent circuit)
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# Thyristor

## A diode that you can delay on-state with gate signal(pulse)
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## but no control while turning-off

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# Thyristor

<img src="https://www.radios-tv.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/thyristor1.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
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# Thyristor

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# Thyristor: Controlled Rectifier
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### More on thyristor rectifiers next week!

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# Thyristor
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- ### Has the highest current and voltage rating among other devices
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- ### Slow switching device (eg compared to MOSFET)
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- ### Latching switch (can be turned on by Ig, but cannot be turned off)

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# Thyristor
## V-I Characteristics

- ### Reverse Blocking
- ### Forward Blocking
- ### Forward Conducting

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## V-I Characteristics

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## V-I Characteristics

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# Types of Thyristors
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- ## SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)
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- ## TRIAC, DIAC
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- ## GTO (Gate Turn-Off Tyhristor)

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# GTOs

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# GTOs

### 4500 V, 3000 A GTO

- ## Used at very [high power levels](https://www.dynexsemi.com/products/semiconductors/gate-turn-off-thyristors)

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# GTOs

- ## Fully contrallable switch
- ## Can be turned-on and turned-off
- ## Turn-on achieved by positive current pulse
- ## Turn-off achieved by negative current pulse

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# Types of Thyristors

## TRIAC

- ## Bi-directional device

- ## TRIACs can be triggered by positive or negative current

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# Types of Thyristors

## TRIAC: Two anti-parallel thyristors

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# Datasheet Exercise

- ## [50 A - 1200 V automotive grade SCR Thyristor](https://static6.arrow.com/aropdfconversion/2e54f9e722f9dd6bb7d560f02f504ec8ec2f1144/3054220324263675dm0013.pdf)

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# MOSFET
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## Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
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# MOSFET

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# MOSFET

## V-I Characteristics

### To be discussed more in detail throughout the semester

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# MOSFET

## Body Diode

### [Power MOSFET Basics](http://www.ixys.com/Documents/AppNotes/IXAN0061.pdf)

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### Cgs: large, constant
### Cgd: small, highly nonlinear (aka Miller Capacitance)
### Cds: intermediate, nonlinear
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<img src="./images/ee463/MOSFET_switching.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 400px;"/>
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- #### 1: Vgs is charging input capacitance
- #### 2: At Vth, drain current starts to flow (Vds is still at source voltage)
- #### 3: Miller plateu reached. ON resistance reduces but current has increased, thus dissipating power
- #### 4: MOSFET is ON. ON resistance is minimum (there is still conduction losses)

[More info](https://www.nutsvolts.com/questions-and-answers/mosfet-basics), [Power MOSFET Basics](https://www.infineon.com/dgdl/mosfet.pdf?fileId=5546d462533600a4015357444e913f4f)
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## MOSFET Comparison

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## MOSFET
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- ### Fast device (ten to hundreds kHz)
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- ### Easy to drive
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- ### Blocking voltage is usually <500 V
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- ### Positive Temperature coefficient (easy to parallel)
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- ### Body diode can conduct the full rated current (but usually slow)
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- ### Switching time determined by charging/discharging gate capacitors

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# IGBT
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## Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor
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# IGBT

### [IGBT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HDzqDZaprE)
### [IGBT, when to use them?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxRJW09A_XA)
### [IGBT or MOSFET?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxhvLEWa7R4)

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# IGBT
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- ## Slower compared to MOSFET (<20-30kHz)
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- ## Lower on-resistance
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- ## Can withstand higher voltages (upto 1700V)
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- ## Possible to parallel for new generations
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- ## Probably best choice for 500-1700V, kWs of applications

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# IGBT Comparison

### To be discussed more in detail throughout the semester

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# Data-Sheet Exercise

- ### [IGBT, H series 1200 V, 40 A high speed](https://www.st.com/en/power-transistors/stgw40h120df2.html)
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## Some New Transistor Technologies
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# GaN

### [Advancing power supply solutions through the promise of GaN](http://www.ti.com/lit/wp/sszy017/sszy017.pdf)

### [Power GaN Opens New Applications](http://www.power-mag.com/pdf/feature_pdf/1371723815_EPC_Feature_Layout_1.pdf)

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## Some New Transistor Technologies

# SiC

### [Next Generation Power Semiconductors: What is GaN / SiC?](http://www.semicon.sanken-ele.co.jp/en/guide/GaNSiC.html)

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## Some New Transistor Technologies

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## You can download this presentation from: [keysan.me/ee463](http://keysan.me/ee463)