EE462-Utilization of Electtrical Energy

class: center, middle

# EE-462 UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

## Ozan Keysan

## [keysan.me](http://keysan.me)

### Office: C-113 <span class="meta">•</span> Tel: 210 7586

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# Where is the energy coming from?
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Brasil [700 MW Synchronous Generator](https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/generating-units)

#### [Feynman on Electric Machines](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhh32JYkQPk)
"All wheels are turning because a big wheel is turning somewhere."

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# How it is transferred?
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# Electric System of Turkey
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## Capacity: 77 GW
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## Max. Consumption: 43 GW (~22 million kettles)
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## Per Capita Consumption: 3320 kWh/year

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# Sources of Energy (Turkey)

## Hydro: 26%
<img src="http://www.nukte.org/files/images/hidrolik/hidrolik.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 500px;"/>

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# Sources of Energy (Turkey)

## Coal: 29%
<img src="http://vlscopenhagen.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/coal-plant1.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 400px;"/>

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# Sources of Energy (Turkey)

## Natural Gas: 38%
<img src="http://image.dieselpowermag.com/f/news/1207dp_is_the_natural_gas_really_greener/41858160/1207dp_01%2Bis_the_natural_gas_really_greener%2Bshell_gtl_plant_in_qatar.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 500px;"/>
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# Sources of Energy (Turkey)

## Wind: 4.5%

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<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ozank/ee361/master/images/turkiye_elektrik_iletim.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>

[Detailed Map](http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/national_energy_grid/turkey/graphics/teias_map.gif)

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# How electricity is consumed?
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### 65% of the electricity in EU consumed by electric motors
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### 46 % of the world's electricity is consumed by motors

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# How electricity is consumed in Turkey?
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# How electricity is consumed in Turkey?

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# Towards more efficient motors

### [Efficiency Classes](http://www.industry.siemens.com/drives/global/en/motor/low-voltage-motor/efficiency-standards/pages/line-motors.aspx)
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### EU enforces [premium efficienct IE3 for all motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium_efficiency) by 2017.

### Infogram on [efficiency of electric motors](http://c1cleantechnicacom-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/files/2011/06/ABB-Electric-Motors-Efficiency-900px.png)

**Reading material for curious students: ** [Energy-Efficiency Policy Opportunities for Electric Motor-Driven System](https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/EE_for_ElectricSystems.pdf)
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# Main Elements of Electric Drives

<img src="./images/ee462/electric_drives.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
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# Main Elements of Electric Drives

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# Multi-Disciplinary Nature of Electric Drives

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# A Review of Magnetic Circuits

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## Simplest Electric Machine

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## \$F = B I L\$
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## [World's simplest train](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9b0J29OzAU)

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# A Review of Magnetic Circuits

## Magnetic Circuits vs Electric Circuits
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## $$V=IR$$
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## $$\mathcal{F} = \Phi \mathcal{R}$$
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## $$\vec{J}=\rho \vec{E}$$

## $$\vec{B} = \mu \vec{H}$$

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## From Magnetic Circuits to Motors

<img src="./images/ee462/ccore_motor.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
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### Does it produce any torque?

Ref: [Electric Motors and Drives: Fundamentals, Types and Applications, 4th Edition](http://www.emic-bg.org/files/Electric_Motors___Drives.pdf), A. Hughes, Chapter-1
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# Mechanical-Electrical Power
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# $$T = F r$$
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# $$P = F v = T \omega = V I $$
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# $$W = F x = T \theta = \int V I dt $$

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# Specific Loadings of an Electric Machine

## Magnetic Loading: \$\bar{B}\$
#### Average flux density in the air-gap over the entire cylindrical surface

### [More info](http://www.eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/research/power/pebn/pebn009%20sizing%20of%20electrical%20machines.pdf)
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## Electric loading: \$\bar{A}\$,  or \$q\$
#### Average Ampere-turn per meter in the airgap circumference
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# Typical Tangential Stress Values
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### Can you guess the rated power of the following motors?
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<img src="http://image.made-in-china.com/43f34j00NOcQpjThbHqI/4kw-Three-Phase-Asynchronous-Squirrel-Cage-Aluminium-Induction-Electric-Motor-2HMA-132M1-6-4-.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 400px;"/>
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## 4 kW Induction Motor

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### Can you guess the rated power of the following motors?
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<img src="http://articles.maritimepropulsion.com/image.axd?picture=2011%2f4%2fQEC_110218+qec+govan+prop+unit+install+262.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 450px;"/>
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## 20 MW Induction Motor for [HMS Queen Elizabeth](http://www.aircraftcarrieralliance.co.uk/~/media/Files/A/Aircraft-Carrier-Alliance-V2/documents/key-facts-v2.pdf)

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### Can you guess the rated power of the following motors?
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<img src="http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/38933/media/image37.jpeg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 350px;"/>
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### 5MW Enercon Wind Turbine Synchronous Generator (12 rpm!)

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## Torque and Motor Volume

## \$F = B I L\$
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## \$F = \bar{B} \bar{A} w L\$
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## For a cylindrical machine:
## \$F = \bar{B} \bar{A} 2 \pi r L\$
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## Then torque becomes:

## \$T = \bar{B} \bar{A} 2 \pi r^2 L\$

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# Torque of an Electric Machine
## \$T = \bar{B} \bar{A} 2 \pi r^2 L\$

## What is \$\pi r^2 L\$ equal to?
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## Size of an electric machine \$\propto \$ Torque
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## Power becomes:

## \$P= T \omega = \bar{B} \bar{A} 2 \pi r^2 L \omega \$

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# Specific Power Output
## (Power per volume)

## \$Q \propto \bar{B} \bar{A} \omega \$

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# Aspect Ratio:(D/L)
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## Different Aspect Ratio for Different Applications
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<img src="https://sbindustrialsupply.com/wp-content/uploads/imported/3/23/NEW-CLEVELAND-MACHINE-CONTROLS-BMR4045HTB000000AD-SERVO-MOTOR-PM-171927526623-2.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
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# Aspect Ratio:(D/L)

## Different Aspect Ratio for Different Applications

<img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/PMDD.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 700px;"/>
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# Discussions
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## Electrical Loading
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## Torque per Volume
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## Efficiency vs Speed
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## Rated Voltage
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## Overloading

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## You can download this presentation from: [keysan.me/ee462](http://keysan.me/ee462)