EE462-Utilization of Electrical Energy

class: center, middle

# EE-462 UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

## Ozan Keysan

## [keysan.me](http://keysan.me)

### Office: C-113 <span class="meta">•</span> Tel: 210 7586

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# Where is the energy coming from?
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Brasil [700 MW Synchronous Generator](https://www.itaipu.gov.br/en/energy/generating-units)

#### [Feynman on Electric Machines](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhh32JYkQPk)
"All wheels are turning because a big wheel is turning somewhere."

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# How it is transferred?
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# Electric System of Turkey
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## Capacity: 114 GW  (14th in the World)
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## Max. Consumption: 55 GW (~27 million kettles)
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## Annual Energy Generation: 326 TWh
### (30% domestic, 70% industrial)

## Per Capita Consumption: 3800 kWh/year

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### Per Capita Consumption: 3800 kWh/year

<a href="http://databank.worldbank.org/data/embed/Elektrik-Tuketim/id/608e39e5?ti=y&ds=n&dd=n&tb=y&sh=n&dw=n&pr=n&inf=n&zm=y&md=y&navigator=n&theme=darkGrey&bdrClr=rgb(68,68,68)&bdrStyle=solid&bdrWidth=1px&title=Arial;14px;true;false;rgb(68,68,68);justify&exptypes=Excel,CSV,TabbedTxt">Comparison of a few countries, and their stories</a>

## Hydro: 20%
<img src="https://www.enerjiatlasi.com/i/haber/deriner-baraji.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>

[Deriner Barajı](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=anlwwE722C0), [Mega Structures](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9up2TBlY6AM)

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## Sources of Energy (Turkey)

## Coal: 36%
<img src="https://image.cnnturk.com/i/cnnturk/75/740x416/610b70dab57f150f4076a315.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 650px;"/>
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### [Kemerköy Termik Santrali](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g03TzI3faCM)

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## Sources of Energy (Turkey)

## Natural Gas: 22%
<img src="https://clean-coalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/GasPlant1-960x733.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 500px;"/>
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## Sources of Energy (Turkey)

## Wind: 10%

### Realtime [wind energy](http://www.ritm.gov.tr/guc/ritm_tr.html)

<img src="https://bilgin.com.tr/files/tr/projeler/ruzgar-enerji-santrali/aliaga-ruzgar-enerji-santrali-3/ALIAGA1.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 650px;"/>
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## Sources of Energy (Turkey)

## Solar: 6%

#### [Konya Karapınar Kalyon Güneş Santrali](https://kalyonholding.com/enerji/ges/karapinar-ges.html), 1350 MW

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## Sources of Energy (Turkey)

## Solar: 6%

### Solar Energy Potential of Turkey

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### Solar Energy Potential of Europe

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# Sources of Energy (Turkey)

## [Real Time Production](https://seffaflik.epias.com.tr/transparency/uretim/gerceklesen-uretim/gercek-zamanli-uretim.xhtml)

## [Whole-Sale Energy Price](https://seffaflik.epias.com.tr/transparency/piyasalar/gop/ptf.xhtml)
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# How to Transmit Electricity?

Reading: [How New York City Gets Its Electricity](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/10/nyregion/how-new-york-city-gets-its-electricity-power-grid.html)

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<img src="./images/ee361/turkiye_elektrik_iletim.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>

[Detailed Map](http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/national_energy_grid/turkey/graphics/teias_map.gif)

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# How electricity is consumed?
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### 65% of the electricity in EU consumed by electric motors
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### 46 % of the world's electricity is consumed by motors

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# How electricity is consumed in Turkey?
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# How electricity is consumed in Turkey?

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# Towards more efficient motors

### [Efficiency Classes](https://www.emsd.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_764/Report%20on%20International%20Efficiency%20Efficiency%20Classes%20for%20Low%20Voltage%20AC%20Motors.pdf)
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### EU enforces [premium efficiency IE3 for all motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium_efficiency) by 2017.
### By 2023, motors between 75 kW and 200 kW must be [>IE4](https://www.gamak.com/en/ie4-efficiency)

**Reading material for curious students: ** [Energy-Efficiency Policy Opportunities for Electric Motor-Driven System](https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/d69b2a76-feb9-4a74-a921-2490a8fefcdf/EE_for_ElectricSystems.pdf)
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# Main Elements of Electric Drives

<img src="./images/ee462/electric_drives.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
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# Main Elements of Electric Drives
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# Multi-Disciplinary Nature of Electric Drives

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# A Review of Magnetic Circuits

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## Simplest Electric Machine

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## \$F = B I L\$
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## [World's simplest train](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9b0J29OzAU)

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# A Review of Magnetic Circuits

## Magnetic Circuits vs Electric Circuits
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## $$V=IR$$
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## $$\mathcal{F} = \Phi \mathcal{R}$$
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## $$\vec{J}=\rho \vec{E}$$

## $$\vec{B} = \mu \vec{H}$$

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## From Magnetic Circuits to Motors

<img src="./images/ee462/ccore_motor.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
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### Does it produce any torque?

Ref: [Electric Motors and Drives: Fundamentals, Types and Applications, 4th Edition](http://www.emic-bg.org/files/Electric_Motors___Drives.pdf), A. Hughes, Chapter-1
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# Mechanical-Electrical Power
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# $$T = F r$$
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# $$P = F v = T \omega = V I $$
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# $$W = F x = T \theta = \int V I dt $$

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# Specific Loadings of an Electric Machine

## Magnetic Loading: \$\bar{B}\$
#### Average flux density in the air-gap over the entire cylindrical surface

### [More info](http://www.eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/research/power/pebn/pebn009%20sizing%20of%20electrical%20machines.pdf)
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## Electric loading: \$\bar{A}\$,  or \$q\$
#### Average Ampere-turn per meter in the airgap circumference
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# Typical Tangential Stress Values
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### Can you guess the rated power of the following motors?
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<img src="http://image.made-in-china.com/43f34j00NOcQpjThbHqI/4kw-Three-Phase-Asynchronous-Squirrel-Cage-Aluminium-Induction-Electric-Motor-2HMA-132M1-6-4-.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 400px;"/>
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## 4 kW Induction Motor

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### Can you guess the rated power of the following motors?
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<img src="./images/ee462/QE_motor_20MW.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 500px;"/>
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## 20 MW Induction Motor for [HMS Queen Elizabeth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth-class_aircraft_carrier)

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### Can you guess the rated power of the following motors?
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<img src="./images/enercon.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 350px;"/>
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### 7.5 MW Enercon Wind Turbine Synchronous Generator (12 rpm!)

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## Torque and Motor Volume

## \$F = B I L\$
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## \$F = \bar{B} \bar{A} w L\$
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## For a cylindrical machine:
## \$F = \bar{B} \bar{A} 2 \pi r L\$
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## Then torque becomes:

## \$T = \bar{B} \bar{A} 2 \pi r^2 L\$

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# Torque of an Electric Machine
## \$T = \bar{B} \bar{A} 2 \pi r^2 L\$

## What is \$\pi r^2 L\$ equal to?
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## Size of an electric machine \$\propto \$ Torque
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## Power becomes:

## \$P= T \omega = \bar{B} \bar{A} 2 \pi r^2 L \omega \$

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# Specific Power Output
## (Power per volume)

## \$Q \propto \bar{B} \bar{A} \omega \$

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# Aspect Ratio:(D/L)
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## Different Aspect Ratio for Different Applications
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<img src="https://sbindustrialsupply.com/wp-content/uploads/imported/3/23/NEW-CLEVELAND-MACHINE-CONTROLS-BMR4045HTB000000AD-SERVO-MOTOR-PM-171927526623-2.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
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# Aspect Ratio:(D/L)

## Different Aspect Ratio for Different Applications

<img src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/PMDD.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 700px;"/>
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# Discussions
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## Electrical Loading
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## Torque per Volume
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## Efficiency vs Speed
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## Rated Voltage
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## Overloading

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## You can download this presentation from: [keysan.me/ee462](http://keysan.me/ee462)