EE462-Utilization of Electtrical Energy

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# EE-462 UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

# Synchronous Machine Drives

## Ozan Keysan

## [keysan.me](http://keysan.me)

### Office: C-113 <span class="meta">•</span> Tel: 210 7586

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# A Not Very Short Review

## [EE362 Presentations](http://keysan.me/ee362/)

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# Equivalent Circuit

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# Phasor Diagrams

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# Phasor Diagrams

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# Maximum Torque

## Load Angle is 90 degrees

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## Can you notice the similarity to DC Motor?

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# Sinusoidal Synchronous Motor Drives

## Notice the position sensor

### Required to adjust the angle between current and flux

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# Sinusoidal Synchronous Motor Drives

## A detailed look

## Current is kept within tolerances 
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## Current Regulated VSI
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## Current Regulated VSI

<img src="./images/ee462/current_regulated_vsi2.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
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## Current Regulated VSI

### Current magnitude is controlled while keeping the load angle at 90 degrees.
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### Similarities between a DC motor and Synchronous Machines
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## DC Motor

### Stationary flux is produced by field windings (or by PM)

### Armature flux is kept 90 degrees apart with the commutator (brushes).

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### Similarities between a DC motor and Synchronous Machines

## Brushless DC Motor (Synchronous Motor)

### Rotating flux is produced by the field windings in the rotor.

### Another rotating flux is generated by the stator windings, and kept at the same speed and at 90 degrees by the power processing unit.

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# Speed Sensors

### Three options:
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- ## Resolver
- ## Encoder 
- ## Hall Effect Sensor
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# Resolver

<img src="https://www.amci.com/index.php/download_file/view_inline/2415/" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
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# Resolver

<img src="http://img.directindustry.com/images_di/photo-g/16190-2744411.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
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# Encoder

<img src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/robotc-wiki/wiki-images/thumb/2/22/Encoder_diagram.png/300px-Encoder_diagram.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 650px;"/>
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# Encoder

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# Hall Effect Sensor

<img src="https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/8/1/c/7/8/5260259e757b7f9d538b456d.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 500px;"/>
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# Position Sensor Comparison

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## Brushless DC Motors (BLDC)

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## Difference between BLDC and PMSM?
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## Trapezoidal Back EMF (BLDC)

## Sinusoidal Back EMF (PMSM)

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## Difference between BLDC and PMSM?

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# PMSM
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- ### Fed with sinusoidal currents
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- ### Continuous Stator Flux Position Variation
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- ### Less harmonics (current, torque)
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- ### Lower core loss
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- ### Higher switching losses

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# BLDC
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- ### Fed with direct currents
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- ### Stator Flux Position Commutation at each 60 degrees
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- ### Torque Ripple at commutation
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- ### Higher core losses due to harmonic content
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- ### Less switching losses

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## BLDC Motors
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## BLDC Commutation sequence

[Reference TI Application Notes](http://www.ti.com/lit/an/sprabq6/sprabq6.pdf)
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## BLDC Commutation sequence

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## BLDC Inverter

[Reference TI Application Notes](http://www.ti.com/lit/an/sprabq6/sprabq6.pdf)
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# Large Synchronous Motor Drives
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## Load Commutated Inverter

### For very large motors (>10 MW)
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# Large Synchronous Motor Drives

## Load Commutated Inverter

<img src="./images/ee462/lci_drive_waveform.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 700px;"/>
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## Load Commutated Inverter

### Needs to work with leading pf (for commutation)

### Has low order harmonics (need to have harmonic filter)

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# Cycloconverters

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# Cycloconverters

## Let's start with single phase

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# Cycloconverters

## Let's start with single phase

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# Cycloconverters

## Single phase with variable firing angle

<img src="http://www.electronicshub.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Single-phase-to-single-phase-cyclo-converters-waveforms1.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 550px;"/>
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# Three Phase Cycloconverters

<img src="http://www.electronicshub.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Three-phase-to-single-phase-Cyclo-converters-waveforms.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 750px;"/>
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# Three Phase Cycloconverters

## Pros, Cons?
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# [Operating Limits of Synchronous Machines](http://keysan.me/presentations/ee362_synchronous_v_curves.html#37)

<img src="http://keysan.me/presentations/images/cummins_stability.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 700px;"/>
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# Synchronous Reluctance Motors
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### Synchronous Torque, Reluctance Torque?
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### [Salient Pole Synchronous Machines](http://keysan.me/presentations/ee362_power_salient.html)

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## You can download this presentation from: [keysan.me/ee462](http://keysan.me/ee462)