EE568-Selected Topics in Electrical Machines

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# EE-568 Selected Topics in Electrical Machines

## Ozan Keysan

[keysan.me](http://keysan.me)

Office: C-113 <span class="meta">•</span> Tel: 210 7586

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# Inductor Design
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## Can be used in power electronics

<img src="http://www.coilws.com/images/Inductors%20Group.jpg" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;">
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# Inductor Design

## Can be used in line-current filtering

<img src="https://kebamerica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Elevator-Harmonics-Filter-1024x607.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 700px;">
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# Inductor Design

## Can be used in grid level: Reactors

<img src="https://studyelectrical.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Basic-components-of-gapped-core-shunt-reactors-active-part-1.webp" alt="Drawing" style="width: 700px;">
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## [Shunt Reactors](http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/differences-between-shunt-reactor-and-power-transformer)
### [Gapped Core](https://www.hitachienergy.com/products-and-solutions/transformers/reactors-and-inductors/shunt-reactors)
<img src="https://5.imimg.com/data5/VB/AW/GI/GLADMIN-12204805/selection-080-500x500.png" alt="Drawing" style="width:800px;">

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## [Same Idea](https://www.enpay.com/en/products/magnetic-cores/shunt-reactor-cores) with a Gapped E-Core

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# Real Inductors/Transformers Have:
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- ## Losses
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 (Copper and Core)
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- ## Leakage flux
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- ## Magnetizing current
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- ## Hysteresis

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# Realistic Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

## = Ideal Transformer + External Impedances
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# Winding Resistances: (\$R_1, R_2\$) or (\$R_p, R_s\$)

- ## Resistance of the copper
   [Winding machine](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_kJCLWwI2Y), [Winding for large transformers](http://youtu.be/yYFm3vxOVgw?t=24s)
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- ### Question: In a step-down transformer which one is larger?
###  \$R_1\$ or \$R_2\$?

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- ## Copper Losses: \$I^2 R \$

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[Overloaded Transformer](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yldWvMXsD00), [Transformer Fails](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8EQPx-ptKk)

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# Leakage Flux
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## Leakage Reactance: \$ X_{leakage} \$
![](http://www.electrical4u.com/images/transformer-core-winding.gif)

- ## Leakage through Air (Linear B-H, no hysteresis)

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# How to minimize leakage flux?
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- ## Where is the secondary winding?
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# How to minimize leakage flux?

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# Magnetizing Flux
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## A term represents the necessary flux in the core.

##Magnetizing Reactance: \$ X_{m} \$

![](http://www.electrical4u.com/images/transformer-core-winding.gif)

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# Core Losses

- ## Hysteresis Loss (\$\propto\$ Frequency)
- ## Eddy Current Loss (\$\propto\$ Frequency\$^2\$)

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# Transformer Design
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### A few handouts available in ODTUClass

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# Core Design
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## [Core Manufacturing](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXcBKxAc4_k)

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# Core Design

## Shell Type
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<img src="./images/ee564/shell_type.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
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# Core Design
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## Core Type
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# Core Design

## 3P-Core Type
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<img src="./images/ee564/3p_core_type.png" alt="Drawing" style="width: 600px;"/>
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# Core Design

## 5P-Core Type
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# Transformer Winding

### [Transformer Winding Process](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYFm3vxOVgw)

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# Temperature Effect

### How does the resistance change with time?

## Temperature Coefficient
## $$R(T) = R(T_0)(1 + \alpha\Delta T)$$
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### For copper (at 20 C): \$ \alpha = 0.003862\;K^{-1} \$

[Ref1](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/rstiv.html), [Ref2](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity)

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## Resistivity of copper increases by 30% from 20C to 100C.
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# Conductor Standard Sizes
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## - American Wire Gauge (AWG)
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## - National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
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## - International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
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# Conductor Standard Sizes

- ### [AWG](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_wire_gauge)
- ### [AWG Sizes](http://www.engineersedge.com/copper_wire.htm)
- ### [AWG Size Table](https://www.solaris-shop.com/american-wire-gauge-conductor-size-table/)
- ### [Magnet Wire Types](http://mwswire.com/magnet-wire/)
- ### [MWS Catalogue](http://www.mwswire.com/pdf_files/mws_tech_book/TechBook040114.pdf)
- ### [Sarkuysan Enamelli Bakır Tel](https://www.sarkuysan.com/dosya/katalog/katalog-254202358192.pdf)
- ### [Current Ratings](https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/wire-gauges-d_419.html)
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# Transformer Design Exercise
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- ## Design a Transformer with the following specifications:
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- ## 1 MVA, Single Phase
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- ## 34.5 kV, 400V Single Phase
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- ## 50 Hz
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- ## Ambient Temp: -30, 50 C. Cooling: ONAN

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# Design Steps
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- ### Choose Core Material
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- ### Choose Operating Flux Density
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- ### Determine Core Dimensions & Number of Turns
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- ### Determine Core Losses, Copper Losses and Equivalent Circuit Parameters
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- ### Determine operating temp.
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- ### Determine mass, cost etc.

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# Useful Links

- [Ericsson, Book, Ch13 Sliders](https://picture.iczhiku.com/resource/eetop/SyISfIGsIzskUMBx.pdf)
- [Ericsson, Book, Ch15 Sliders](https://picture.iczhiku.com/resource/eetop/SyISfIGsIzskUMBx.pdf)
- [Power Transformer Design](http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~relu/audio/docs/pwrtransformerdesign.pdf)
- [TI Design of Power Transformers](https://www.ti.com/lit/ml/slup126/slup126.pdf)
- [Conventional Transformer Design](http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-84882-667-0_2)
- [Transformer Design](https://static.assets-stash.eet-china.com/original/3X/a/0/a0e74ad85b55b935dbb68e1c23e578818998187f.pdf)
- [Leakage Flux Calculation](https://www.ams-publications.ee.ethz.ch/uploads/tx_ethpublications/06_Integration_Leakage_CIPS2012_01.pdf), page 4

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## You can download this presentation from: [keysan.me/ee564](http://keysan.me/ee564)